The Pharmaceutical Industry Essay Example for Free

The Pharmaceutical Industry Essay 1) Describe the nature of supplying drugs to emerging markets at an affordable price without undermining their profits 2) Research and analyze in depth the effectiveness of one proposed policy response to this issue. (To use economics theory to analyze)    A drug described as a pharmaceutical product used to treat illness, made up of a chemically defined amount of pharmaceutically active ingredients. On the contrary a vaccine is a pharmaceutical product, a biological medicine is difficult to homogenize since it is designed using living systems. It is basically used for preventive purposes. Although the relative importance may vary, a number of facts that impact access to drugs vaccines are similar. [Milstien et. al, 2005] Patents, the monopolies granted by the State for a specified length of time for the commercial exploitation of a scientific or technological invention[navy Blue] are considered important incase of drugs so as to limit general access, as compared to vaccines. However the organizations are dependant on their patents the challenges faced by them, for gaining business; often disagreeing on this by saying that the patent protection has been exaggerated in World Health Organization list only 90% drugs are off- patent. [Strain 2007]   Ã‚   AIDS, a health calamity of unparalleled magnitude, caused by a virus in an individual, the plague must be seen as an economic, social political occurrence killing millions, while the international organizations have been trying to control the epidemic since the past 2 decades after identifying HIV, primarily caused by peoples sexual risk behavior . Leading organizations like the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) states that patents that range up to thousands of dollars, are vital for the protection of investments involved in research development of innovative drugs, failure of which may make it difficult to recover their investments for further projects. Some countries like India do not recognize the patents therefore successfully manufactures generic AIDS cheaply, however obstructions like primitive distribution systems cultural taboos did not allow them to succeed. Mainly the health problems are caused due to many factors overshadowing the under developed world like poverty, lack of health services, clean water proper sanitation. Non availability of efficient affordable medication treatments is the most important factor in this crisis. It is estimated that as a result of many infectious diseases like as acute respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, malaria and tuberculosis around 14 million people die globally. Mostly in Africa South- East Asia infectious diseases alone are responsible for 45% deaths annually, the rate is high even in developing countries. [The health crisis in developing countries] In the developing countries each day around 8000 patients die of AIDS, in contrast to the West, where people always have had access to competent medicines    The year 2001 witnessed a rigorous increase in the AIDS crises in Africa, with statistics declaring more than 30 million HIV positive citizens. An important fact to consider is that the highly patented HIV drugs are more acute than any other disease. AIDS HIV patients in developed countries are getting extensive benefits since 1996, as a result living better improved lives through the expensive combinational anti-retroviral drug therapy (or HAART) which costs about 15,000 US Dollars per year. People living in under developed countries like Africa cannot afford such expensive treatments having only $10 per person [Watts, 2002]. This catastrophe has affected people all around the world, putting the Pharmaceutical companies in a dilemma, by having to choose between their philanthropic penchants their duty to achieve a profit. Especially the international community being burdened with extraordinary pressure regarding worldwide health issues, the pharmaceutical industry has become a fundamental feature of humanitarian work.   Ã‚   According to surveys, from the 39 million people who are suffering with AIDS globally, 25 million are in sub- Saharan Africa with life expectancy to fall by 20 years by the year 2010 due to AIDS HIV. 5 million people got infected in 2004, while 3.1 million died from AIDS. In Zimbabwe, life expectancy at birth was 34 years in 2003, compared with 52 years in 1990, Infection rate are still ranging high especially in China, ex- Russian federation states. The fundamental subject is the high costs of AIDS treatments. The standard cost of 1 years worth the standard treatment, a combination of 3 antiretroviral drugs, is estimated at US$10,000-15,000 as a result, the treatment out of reach of most people in the developing world, where 95% of the people with HIV are from (As quoted in The health crisis in developing countries). 9 out of 10 people infected with the virus are not receiving the required help in order to reduce the disease to a chronic condition. In the global market, pharmaceutical companies in Africa, Asia China represent less than 7%. From 1975 to 1996, among 1223 pharmaceutical products developed to fight diseases, only 11 were designed specifically for tropical illnesses. Maybe in 5 – 7 years vaccines will be developed for AIDS, the Global AIDS Fund needs between $ 10 to 15 billion to fight AIDS, however only $ 6.1 billion was received in 2004 or the US AIDS relief program. [The AIDS Epidemic and Pharmaceutical Companies, 2005] The Trade- related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS) in year 1995, guaranteeing protection of patents across the international market included pharmaceutical products along with other services in the World Trade Organization structure.   Ã‚   The recent years have seen the wealthy governments focusing vast amounts to treat the issues highlighting the world such as lack of clean water, the treatments of infectious diseases that eradicated 11 million people every year, the AIDS death rate is now exceeding by 3 million annually according to the World Health Organization (WHO). After increased pressure by the charity groups around the world such as Oxfam Medicins sans Frontieres to promote the easy availability of drugs, one of the leading global pharmaceutical organizations has planned to lower the cost of its HIV AIDS medicines in 63 poorest countries of the world. It is therefore extremely important for the pharmaceutical industries to take part in the fight against global health issues. However their main focus is the safeguarding of revenue not working on humanitarian inclination, often adopting strategies that eventually damage the mounting issues. [Strain 2007] Additionally, prices in the United States range much higher than in Britain, according to a recent U.S. General Accounting Office report.    The rise in the worldwide health crisis proves the philosophical malfunction of the international organizations to save lives decrease suffering. The subject has raised a number of issues on the pricing of drugs especially in poor countries gaining a lot of publicity when a case has been filed in South Africa court addressing the pharmaceutical companies to license their patents an announcement by Cipla, an Indian pharmaceutical firm that they would copy U.S. firms AIDS drugs sell them at sell them at cost to countries in Africa. [Rapp, 2002] Around 40 South African pharmaceutical companies are suing the South African government at the Pretoria High Court on March 5th to shield their profits ignoring the demise of millions of lives by HIV.   Ã‚   On the contrary, a realistic approach by the United Kingdom has been taken up leading to control, devoid of turmoil by a compromising agreement regarding the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme (PPRS) between the British government the U.K. pharmaceutical industry governing the Prices of medications for the next 5 years under the National Health Service (NHS) involving limitation of profits to 17 -21% of engaged funds as well as pricing freedom for new products. In the advanced countries, HIV AIDS infected people are living a better life, since they have better medical treatments available. In [Geffen, 2001] Justice Edwin Cameron also HIV positive stated that, There are people throughout Africa†¦and nearly 34 million people in our whole world who are this moment dying. And they [are] dying because they dont have the privilege that I have, of purchasing my health and life.   The pharmaceutical industry had 625 registered lobbyists in DC in the year 2001 in 1999-2000 a combined lobbying having budget of $197 million. [Rapp, 2002] An industry having so much power, they are more focused to gain more revenue. It is a fact that expensive drugs like Prozac Viagra are more easily available promoted than any other life saving drug. It is important that the drug industries develop some concern about the suffering humanity design some strategies to control the major health issues in the world today. The governmental authorities should take steps to motivate the firms to allocate special funds low priced medicines especially targeted towards deserving nations. REFERENCE Alan Berkman, The Global AIDS Crisis: Human Rights, International Pharmaceutical Markets and Intellectual Property Symposium [accessed 19 January 2008] http://www.healthgap.org/press_releases/02/031402_HGAP_ALAN_PP_IPR.pdf Robert Strain, The Pharmaceutical Paradox: Helping and Harming the Developing World [2007] University of Pennsylvania [accessed 19 January 2008] http://humanities.sas.upenn.edu/essay.shtml The AIDS Epidemic and Pharmaceutical Companies: Ethics, Stakeholders and Obligations [2005] issue 7- BBS Teaching Research Review [accessed 19 January 2008] www.uwe.ac.uk/bbs/trr/Issue7/is711.pdf Julie B. Milstien, Amie Batson and Albert I. Wertheimer, Vaccines and Drugs: Characteristics of Their Use to Meet Public Health Goals [March 2005] The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development [accessed 19 January 2008] http://siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Resources/281627-1095698140167/MilstienVaccinesDrugsFinal.pdf Access to medicines for the Developing World and the pharmaceutical industry [May 2005] EIRIS [accessed 19 January 2008] www.eiris.org/files/research%20publications/seeriskaccesstomedicine05.pdf The Pharmaceutical Industry and the AIDS Crisis in Developing Countries [Aug 13, 2001] Harvard Business School [accessed 19 January 2008] http://harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu/b02/en/common/item_detail.jhtml?id=702010 Richard T. Rapp, Civilized Pharmaceutical Price Regulations: Can The U.S. Have It Too? [2001] [accessed 19 January 2008] http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv17n2/reg17n2-rapp.html Jordi Martorell, Drugs companies putting profits before millions of peoples lives [9 March 2001] [accessed 19 January 2008] http://www.marxist.com/drugs-companies-profits090301-4.htm Heather Watts, International Trade, Generic Drugs and the Developing World [April 12, 2002] Deeth Williams Wall LLP. All Rights Reserved. [accessed 19 January 2008] http://www.dww.com/?page_id=1050 Cecilia Oh, The health crisis in developing countries [accessed 19 January 2008] http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/twr131a.htm Warren V.,What Price AIDS Drugs? Developing Countries and Strategies for Paying for AIDS Drugs. Acad Health Serv Res Health Policy Meet. 2002; 19: 6. Nathan Geffen, Applying Human Rights to the HIV/AIDS Crisis [May 6, 2001] [accessed 19 January 2008] http://www.cceia.org/resources/publications/dialogue/2_06/articles/646.html Cheap AIDS drugs for poor countries [June 7, 2001] [accessed 19 January 2008] http://edition.cnn.com/BUSINESS/programs/yourbusiness/stories2001/aids.drug.price/

Martha Washington :: essays research papers

In 1633, the Reverend Rowland Jones came from England to the colony of Virginia. He had graduated from Oxford University and in Williamsburg had served as minister for fourteen years. Two generations later Martha Dandridge, his great-granddaughter, was born on June 2, 1731 on a plantation near Williamsburg. She grew up in the Dandridge home, Chestnut Grove. She enjoyed riding horses, gardening, sewing, playing the â€Å"spinet† and dancing. Her father made sure that she got a fair education in basic math, reading and writing...something girls didn’t receive at the time. At the age of eighteen, Martha married to Daniel Parke Custis. He was wealthy, handsome and twenty years older than her. Martha set up housekeeping on his plantation, while her husband managed the estate, which covered over 17,000 acres. Her husband adored his young, pretty bride and pampered her with the finest clothes and gifts imported all the way from England. They had four children, two who died before their first birthday. Their two surviving children John Parke, called "Jacky" and Martha, called "Patsy". In 1757, when Martha was twenty-six, Daniel Custis die d after a brief illness. Jacky was three and Patsy was less than a year old. Dying without a will, Martha was left with the duties of running the household, the estate and raising her children. (Fatherless children were usually "raised" under the care of a guardian, even if the mother survived--which meant that another male, primarily a relative, took care of the estates of the children). Her early education proved very helpful in the task. Her husband’s former business manager stayed to help with the operation of the plantation and she consulted with lawyers when she felt she needed it. Sometime later, Martha met a young colonel (several months younger than her) in the Virginia Militia at a cotillion in Williamsburg. His name was George Washington. Martha fell in love and George found her quite attractive. (That she had a good disposition and inherited wealth was an added bonus to the relationship). Martha married George on January 6, 1759. The marriage changed George from an ordinary planter to a substantially wealthy landowner. He had resigned his commission in the militia and so, George, Martha, Jacky who was 4, and Patsy who was about 2 moved into the remodeled Mt. Vernon. Martha was careful in running her home, although she and her husband did not pinch pennies when it came to caring for their home.

Feminist Perspective in Sociology Essay

â€Å"If we are to achieve a richer culture, rich in contrasting values, we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities, and so weave a less arbitrary social fabric, one in which each diverse gift will find a fitting place. † — Margaret Mead I. Prologue At present, it is quite difficult to imagine how there was a time when women were not afforded the same rights and opportunities as men. Some of these rights and opportunities include the right and opportunity to pursue a college diploma and a career, and the right to vote. At present, it is quite revolting to think how women were tagged and branded to remain at home and pursue the best interests of her family members, but not hers. It is quite difficult to imagine, but the truth of the matter is that there was such a time that all these unimaginable things and revolting things were happening, when women were to take the backseat to the men and when they were not regarded as equals. The goal of the first wave feminism was to correct all these notions and to try to achieve a position for the women when they do not take the backseat to the men, but stay beside the men as their equals. Slowly, this was achieved. Hence, women were then are given the right and opportunity to pursue a college diploma and a career, and the right to vote, among all others. All of these things are remarkable achievements and should in and by themselves, be commended. However, it cannot be denied once again, that the struggle of women does not end with the first wave feminism, after all its not apt to call it the first wave if there is no second wave. The second wave devolved around the problems that the achievements of the first wave put to fore. The sum of all these goals is ultimately for society treat woman not just as an object but as a subject — who has her own thoughts and who can speak through her own mind and with her own voice (Delmar, 2005, p. 32). The ultimate goal was to liberate woman from her reification. Thus, MacKinnon remarked: I say, give women equal power in social life. Let what we say matter, then we will discourse on questions of morality. Take your foot off our necks, then we will hear in what tongue women speak. So long as sex equality is limited by â€Å"sex difference† whether you like it or don’t like it, whether you value it or seek to negate it, whether you stake it out as a grounds for feminism or occupy it as the terrain of misogyny, women will be born, degraded and die. We would still settle for that equal protection of the laws under which one would be born, live and die, in a country where protection is not a dirty word and equality is not a special privilege (1987, p. 45). The issues and problems created by the first wave as manifested in the second wave led Bell Hooks to assert that [a]ll women are oppressed, and being oppressed means the absence of choices. The goal of this Paper then is to try to explain in a simplified but not in a simplistic manner what Bell Hooks meant when she cited the above-mentioned assertion through an exposition of some the writings during the second wave feminism. The Paper shall be divided into four parts. The first part is the Prologue, where these paragraphs fall under, which shall discuss in general the background and the goal of the Paper. The second part shall discuss in general what Bell Hooks asserted through the reference materials. The third part shall discuss in specific detail how all women are oppressed, once again through the reading materials. The fourth part is the epilogue, which shall present the conclusion and personal thoughts of the writer of this Paper. II. The New Face of Oppression Oppression presupposes two parties, one is the oppressor and the other is the object of the oppression, or oppressee, so to speak. During the first wave it is quite apparent that the oppressor is the patriarchal and machismo characteristic of society, or men in short, and the object of the oppression are women. In the second wave, one wonders how Hooks made this assertion given the fact that the men and women dichotomy and oppression were no longer as manifest. The answer is simple, while the first wave may have achieved equal rights and opportunities for women and men, there is still oppression. It is only that the faces of the oppressor and the oppressee have changed. With the second wave, other women became the oppressors. According to most critics, this was an inevitable consequence of setting equality with males as the primary goal of feminism (Jhappan, 1996, p. 25). Jhappan expounds: [i]n reality, the positions of power and privileges enjoyed by white men have only been made possible by racism and sexism, they require hierarchy, skewed power relations, inequality and the subjugation of the majority (white women and people of colour). It seems to me that white women’s â€Å"equality† with white men would only be possible of the race hierarchy were kept substantially intact since the privileges that white men enjoy depend upon a racially satisfied social system (p. 25). Simply, this means that with the goal of equality with men, women aimed for an equally oppressing position, where they are now the oppressors. While men were no longer tagged as the oppressors of all women, within the circle of women rose other oppressors in the face of fellow women who are of a different color. This is what Angela P. Harrris discusses in her article, in relation to what Catharine MacKinnon discusses in hers. Generally, the idea of the latter is that there is a universal concept of a woman so to speak. This universal concept of a woman is what was oppressed by society through male domination and supremacy before. For MacKinnon, there is just one experience, culture, heritage, needs for all women, thus, their needs are all alike. As most feminists then were white women, most of what was pushed for were for the needs of the white women. This is also known as the notion of a monolithic women experience (Harris, 2002, p. 384). Through this gender essentialism and worse, racial essentialism was likewise furthered (Harris, 2002, p. 384). Thus according to Harris, they reduce the lives of people who experience multiple forms of oppression to additional problems: â€Å"racism + sexism = straight black woman’s experience† or â€Å"racism + sexism + homophobia = black lesbian experience. † Thus, in an essentialist world, black women’s experience is always forcibly fragmented before being subjected to analysis, as those who are â€Å"only interested in race† and those who are â€Å"only interested in gender† take their separate slices of our lives (p. 384). An example for Harris is what MacKinnon does when she reduces Black women to just worse forms of white women, and not as a separate and diverse woman apart from the white woman, but not an aggravation. MacKinnon imparts: [b]lack is not merely a color of skin pigmentation, but a heritage, an experience, a cultural and personal identity, the meaning of which becomes specifically†¦ and glorious and/or ordinary under specific social conditions. It is as much socially created as, and at least in the American context no less specifically meaningful or defective than any linguistic, tribal, or religious ethnicity, all of whom are conventionally recognized by capitalization. While women on paper, were liberated from their reification, what happened really was that white women were liberated from reification. White women were no longer considered as objects —they became subjects. Black women, though they were women but because they were black, were not similarly liberated. This is because [w]hite feminists have exposed male essentialism only to replace it with another essentialism based on the notion of an essential woman. However, as it turns out, this generic â€Å"woman† is not only white, but middle class, and also able-bodied†¦Over the last couple of decades people of color have highlighted the silences of racists Eurocentric history and discourses which render all â€Å"others† invisible (Jhappan, 1996, p. 22). By virtue of the monolithic experience of women, women who did not fit the mold of the monolithic experience were oppressed in the sense that they were left with no choice. The choice was already made for them by the systems that were built in place respecting such monolithic experience. They were left with no choices as their needs were not addressed. The needs that were addressed were the needs of those who fit the monolithic experience of women. III. The Specific Instances of Oppression The specific instances of oppression that are discussed in the reference materials are enumerated below. a. Oppression in Relation to the Family Through the idea of the family wage, women were oppressed with the fact that they were made dependent on the wage of their husbands. They were made dependent with the notion that â€Å"a working man should earn enough to support his family† (Gavigan, 1996, p. 237), and consequently, the place of the woman or the wife is at home (Gavigan, 1996, p. 237). As the husband already earns enough to support the family, there is no more need for the woman to earn and augment the budget for the family. Thus, she is tasked by society to stay at home and address the needs of her family members. Such admittedly, does not require professional and personal growth. Thus, while the members of the family pursue different goals in their lives, the woman is stuck at home looking after the family members, sending them off to reach their dreams, while she stays in her place. In addition, if and when a woman earns, she is given minimum wage. The notion of minimum wage was put in place to accommodate individuals who were single and who did not have dependents to support (Gavigan, 1996, p. 238). In this wise, women were oppressed with the fact that when they earn, what they earn is not even enough to provide for their dependents, if any. b. Oppression under the Law Under the law, heterosexual relationships are afforded more advantages and privileges, in terms of â€Å"tax benefits, standing to recover damages for certain torts committed against spouses, and rights to succession and insurance benefits† (Gavigan, 1996, p. 263). The same are not afforded to homosexual relationships; thus women are oppressed. Oppression of women under the law is manifested explicitly in Welfare Law. When women seek assistance under the welfare law, especially the solo parents, they have a hard time obtaining the assistance that the law provides because of the very stiff and stringent definition of â€Å"spouse† under the laws such as the Family Law Act, RSO 1990 and Canada Pension Plan Act : â€Å"spouse† means either of a man and a woman who (a) are married to each other or (b) have together entered into, a marriage that is voidable or void, in good faith on the part of the person asserting a right under the Act x x x â€Å"spouses† means a spouse as defined in subsection 1 (1), and in addition includes either of a man and woman who are not married to each other and have cohabited (a) continuously or (b) in relationship of some permanence, if they are natural or adoptive parents if a child x x x â€Å"spouses: in relation to a contributor means’ (i) if there is no person described in subparagraph (ii), a person who is married to the contributor at the relevant time or (ii) a person of the opposite sex who is cohabiting with the contributor in a conjugal relationship at the relevant time, having so cohabited with the contributor for a continuous period of at least one year (Gavigan, 1996, p. 266) When solo parents seek social welfare assistance, there were always resort to the courts in order to determine whether or not a particular relationship was sufficiently conjugal to warrant the characteristic as spousal and consequently to warrant the benefits provided by the social services (Gavigan, 1996, p. 266). Also, the definition of the term â€Å"spouse† was too technical such that even in heterosexual relationships, there were always doubt as to whether a relationship is sufficiently conjugal to warrant the benefits granted by social services (Gavigan, 1996, p. 267). An example of the ill-effect of this law is the requirement that the spouse who should support the spouse (wife) and the children, must not live in a certain proximity; otherwise the latter cannot receive the benefits under the Welfare Law (Gavigan, 1996, p. 269). c. Oppression by Virtue of Race or Color This form was already discussed in part two. However, in addition Jhappan tells us that for colored women, race rather gender has been the primary source of oppression. †¦while white feminists have theorized the male breadwinner dependent-female, post-Industrial Revolution family form of the West as a source of women’s oppression, different family forms persist in other culture even among those living in the diasporas, For many women of colour, in fact, state actions such as iimmigration and labour policies that have separated and distorted families have oppressed them more than gender relations (p. 23). d. Oppression of Oneself by Oneself Women also admit that in and by themselves, they are oppressed. As there are women who are of different cultures, there are certain aspects of their identity that is rejected by another aspect, but which they ultimately have to deal with. For instance a woman who has both black and Caucasian heritage, the black heritage forsakes slavery while the Caucasian heritage promoted the same. There may be instances in the life of such person when decisions have to be made favoring one aspect over the other, and in such instance, the woman is the oppressor of her own self as she is left with no choice but to decide in such manner, although contrary to an aspect of her identity. IV. Epilogue Delmar has pointed out that the problem of oppression within the circle of feminism is rooted on the fact that the very definition of feminism is monolithic and abstracted. The very definition of feminism forgets or averts from the reality that there exists a multiple consciousness of women. With the realization that a multiple consciousness of women exists, then there may be the realization that there are various facets of oppression. Consequently, solutions may be afforded to these various facets in order to abolish, if not minimize the same. This is why at the beginning of this Paper a quote from Margaret Mead was stated. â€Å"If we are to achieve a richer culture, rich in contrasting values, we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities, and so weave a less arbitrary social fabric, one in which each diverse gift will find a fitting place. † With the realization that women are rich in culture, in contrasting values, then we can realize that there is a whole gamut of potentialities. With such variety, a less arbitrary social fabric may be established, and through such less arbitrary social fabric, each and every individual may find his or her own place without necessarily fitting into a monolithic mold. References Delmar, Rosalind. (2005). What is Feminism? Feminist Theory: A reader, 27-36. New York: McGraw-Hill. Gavigan, Shelley. (1996). Familial Ideology & the Limits of Difference. Women and Canadian Public Policy, 225-78. Toronto: Harcourt Brace. Harris, Angela. (2002). Race and Essentialism in Legal Theory. Women, Law and Social Change, 4th ed. , 383-92. Concord, ON: Captus Press. Jhappan, Raddha. (1996). Post-Modern Race and Gender Essentialism or a Post-Mortem of Scholarship. Studies in Political Economy 51:15-58. MacKinnon, Catharine. (1987). Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination. Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law, 32-45, 240-45. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

A Common Technique Used By John Updike - 926 Words

A common technique used by authors throughout literature is the growth of the main character into their own. From the maturation of a selfish soul into a triumphant hero, or the rise of a shunned underdog into a loved champion, authors have create situations for their characters that teach readers a significant life lesson about the world we live in. For example, John Updike’s Sammy from AP and Flannery O’Connor’s Grandmother from A Good Man is Hard to Find both receive wake up calls from the respective antagonists of their stories. They are put in high-stress situations where their morals and beliefs are pushed to the limit. Both O’Connor and Updike utilized the high-stress situations to make the reader question their own beliefs; therefore, causing the readers to empathize with the main characters. Sammy and the Grandmother experience unique situations that force them to question their way of thinking; however, those lessons are not restricted to them, b ut also lessons everyone has to learn. John Updike does a great job of creating a character in Sammy that young boys are able to relate to, and then making him mature due to a shocking realization about the real world. Like most teenage boys, he is sarcastic and opinionated, but Sammy sets himself apart by being oddly observant. The mundane routine of his boring bag boy job is turned upside down when the three girls around his age walk in. He immediately takes notice and starts to pick apart every detail about the trio.Show MoreRelatedJohn Updike s Telephone Poles1204 Words   |  5 Pagesand thoughts of others in a more profound way, it is necessary to accept the fact that things may not always be just as they seem. It is imperative that one adopt this same attitude when reading poetry. One poem in particular that exemplifies this is John Updike’s â€Å"Telephone Poles†. Within the work, telephone poles are compared to trees by way of extended metaphor. â€Å"Teleph one Poles† conveys the message that when nature is destroyed to make way for technology is harmful to nature itself and humankindRead MoreJohn Updike Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Updike John Updike’s poems are written in a very peculiar style. Unlike most poets, Updike’s poems seem to tell a story, rather than depict a singular emotion. This is due to the fact that many of Updike’s poems deal with simple, yet focused topics. Updike masters the use of vivid language to produce powerful images in the minds of his readers. The use of such strong language in his poems allow his readers to see and experience the messages which he is portraying. Although the topicsRead MoreA P By John Updike1336 Words   |  6 PagesIn John Updike’s story â€Å"A P†, depicts a middle-class town. This short story focuses on the feelings of loneliness and isolation that lead the common man to seek some form of higher truth or ultimate meaning. The story relates to a teenaged boy s sudden awareness of the split between his inner feelings and society s values. I could kind of relate and get gist of what the narrator was feeling throughout the story . In this story, Sammy was an unreliable narrator, and the point of view was firstRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 PagesAmerican / American Indian oral literature / oral tradition creation storiesï ¼Ë†Ã¨ µ ·Ã¦ º Ã§ ¥Å¾Ã¨ ¯ Ã¯ ¼â€° trickster talesï ¼Ë†Ã¦  ¶Ã¤ ½Å"å‰ §Ã¨â‚¬â€¦Ã¤ ¼  Ã¥ ¥â€¡Ã¯ ¼â€° rituals / ceremoniesï ¼Ë†Ã¥â€¦ ¸Ã¤ » ªÃ¯ ¼â€° songs / chantsï ¼Ë†Ã¦â€º ²Ã¨ ¯ Ã¯ ¼â€° Anglo Settlers’ Writings Highly religious and pragmatic - John Smith, founder of Jamestown, Virginia; Pocahontas - John Winthrop, â€Å"A Model of Christian Charity†: â€Å"†¦ We shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  - William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation (1630-50, pub. 1856) - Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)Read MoreThe taste of melon by borden deal11847 Words   |  48 Pageswrite definitions for each expression. 3. In groups, select a teen magazine to examine. Deconstruct the magazine, analysing the following: a) story topics c) products advertised b) images used d) level of language used Compare your analysis with that of other groups. Create a list of the common features of teen magazines, and discuss their appeal. What advice would you have for the publisher of these magazines? 4. In groups, design your own magazine for teens. Consider what segment of